LEO (Low Earth Orbit) |
Cellular
telephony brings a new technological "system" the
personal communications system (PCS). In the fully developed PCS, the
individual would carry his telephone with him. This telephone could be
used for voice or data and would be usable anywhere. Several companies
have committed themselves to providing a version of this system using
satellites in low earth orbits (LEO). These orbits are significantly
lower than the TELSTAR/RELAY orbits of the early 1960s. The early
"low-orbit" satellites were in elliptical orbits that took
them through the lower van Allen radiation belt. The new systems will be
in orbits at about 500 miles, below the belt.
The most ambitious of these LEO systems is Iridium, sponsored by Motorola. Iridium plans to launch 66 satellite into polar orbit at altitudes of about 400 miles. Each of six orbital planes, separated by 30 degrees around the equator, will contain eleven satellites. Iridium originally planned to have 77 satellites-- hence its name. Element 66 has the less pleasant name Dysprosium. Iridium expects to be providing communications services to hand- held telephones in 1998. The total cost of the Iridium system is well in excess of three billion dollars. In addition to the "Big LEOS" such as Iridium and Globalstar, there are several "little leos." These companies plan to offer more limited services, typically data and radio determination. Typical of these, ORBCOM which has already launched an experimental satellite and expects to offer limited service in the very near future. |